Ohio’s infant mortality rate, while improving slightly over 2016 (from ranking 43 to 41/50), the disparity between rates of Black baby’s deaths compared to white baby’s deaths (13.9 as compared to 5.4 per 1,000 live births) is worse than most developing countries. At the root of this disparity are systemic inequality and racism which create conditions of toxic stress and negative maternal health outcomes, especially for Black women. Get the Fact Sheet

According to the United Health Foundation’s America’s Health Rankings, Ohio’s child poverty rate in 2018 was 20.5%. That means more than one in five Ohio children were living in poverty. Too often, living in poverty means children live in conditions of resource deprivation and food insecurity among other inequitable environmental conditions. Get the Fact Sheet

Ohio ranks 28 out of 50 states in reported incidents of child maltreatment for 2018. In 2012, 21,372 incidents were reported to and received services through Ohio Child Protective Services agencies. Intakes were trending downward through 2016 when 17,687 were reported, investigated, and acted upon. Then, in 2018, incidents and intakes spiked to 110,550. We believe this is likely due to the opioid epidemic that has devastated thousands of Ohio families through addiction and overdose deaths and is an indicator of community health and well being. Get the Fact Sheet

In 2018, Ohio had $13,027 spending per pupil and ranked 20 among the states. In 1997, the Supreme Court ruled Ohio’s public school funding system of property taxes unconstitutional. However, a legislative fix to the disparity between high property tax (wealthy) and low property tax (poor) school districts has not been passed by the Ohio legislature. Thus, school districts in resource-deprived communities such as inner-city schools in Cleveland and Columbus, for example, continue to struggle to attain positive student outcomes. This is an indicator of income inequality. Get the Fact Sheet

An expulsion is an action taken by the local educational agency of removing a child from his/her regular school for disciplinary purposes for the remainder of the school year (or longer) in accordance with local educational agency policy. The school-to-prison pipeline is a commonly used term for the disproportionally high rate of expulsions for Black males. The excessive discipline of Black students disproportionately leads to significantly higher rates of expulsion. This leads to multiple adverse outcomes including dropping out of school and increasing risk factors for violence perpetration. This glaring disparity impacts future educational attainment, employment opportunities, and the accumulation of wealth. Get the Fact Sheet Note: Data for 2020 was not available, thus the trend line remains the same.

In 2012 the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention published the National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey (NISVS) findings. These data provide a snapshot of the prevalence of domestic violence and sexual violence in the US. It is important to note that sexual violence is an underreported crime. This is likely because of the context of these crimes and the confusion/trauma that occurs when one is victimized by someone they know. All too often, the perpetrator of sexual violence is known to the victim. Hence, the distinction of intimate partner violence. Get the Fact Sheet

The statistics below represent the number of arrests reported to the Ohio Attorney General’s Office by local law enforcement entities. The caveat is that many localities do not report to the AG. However, these numbers mirror rates that were documented via the National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey (NISVS) in 2012. These statistics could be viewed as "the tip of the iceberg" with many more going unreported. Still, clearly, the overwhelming majority of perpetrators are men and victims are women. This is an indicator of gender inequity and placing less value on the lives of women and girls. Get the Fact Sheet

The wage gap is an indicator of the disparity between income earned by men and women. More importantly, look at the disparity between men and Black and Hispanic women. This provides a more meaningful picture of the gaps in income. These gaps are historical and have lasting impacts on communities of color in terms of creating equitable and sustainable (wealthy) communities. Get the Fact Sheet

Housing is considered unaffordable if it costs more than 30% of a household’s income. Households with housing costs higher than 50% of their income are considered severely cost-burdened and they are at a higher risk of becoming homeless. Intimate partner violence is the primary cause of homelessness for women. Housing instability and homelessness increase risk factors for intimate partner violence by increasing economic stress for families and communities. Get the Fact Sheet

Reliable transportation is crucial for workers, particularly low-income workers who are less likely to work from home or have flexible work schedules. Public transportation in Ohio is funded primarily through federal funds and local taxes. An over-reliance on local funding makes disparities between different areas more likely because some regions will have the means and desire to provide access to public transportation and others will not. Access to public transportation is support for low-wage workers. In communities where there is no access to public transportation members who work in low-wage jobs may be in a more precarious position in terms of long-term employment and better-paying jobs across town. Get the Fact Sheet Note: Data for 2020 was not available, thus the trend line remains the same.

The US is the world’s leader in incarceration. In the last 40 years, since 1980, incarceration rates have increased nationally by 500%. In Ohio, a total of 50,431 were imprisoned with 46,153 males and 4,278 females. The incarceration rate per 100k was 431 in 2018. The impact of mass incarceration on the Black community is devastating with one in three Black men imprisoned. The disparity between Black and white imprisonment is glaringly inequitable and disproportionate. Get the Fact Sheet

Voter registration and turnout is a proxy measure or indicator for community support and cohesion which is a protective factor for intimate partner violence and other forms of violence. The theory is that in communities where voter registration and participation is high community members will be more connected to one another and provide one another with support. During the 2020 presidential election, extremely impoverished zip codes in Cleveland and East Cleveland, Ohio had turnout rates lower than 25% when other zip codes had participation rates closer to 50%. Get the Fact Sheet

Volunteerism is a proxy measure or indicator for community support and cohesion. The theory is that in communities where volunteerism is high, community members are taking care of one another in a meaningful way through volunteering or donating money to charitable organizations. Get the Fact Sheet

Affordable Housing 1. Best States for Affordability (US News Best States) 2. Housing and Transportation Affordability (US Department of Transportation) 3. Rental Burdens: Rethinking Affordability Measures (HUD User) 4. Rental Burdens: Rethinking Affordability Measures (HUD User) 5. Advocates Call for Solutions to Ohio’s Affordable Housing Shortage (Coalition on Homelessness and Housing in Ohio) 6. Ohio | National Low Income Housing Coalition (National Low Income Housing Coalition) 7. Ohio | National Low Income Housing Coalition (National Low Income Housing Coalition) 8. Ohio | National Low Income Housing Coalition (National Low Income Housing Coalition) 9. Best States for Affordability (US News Best States) 10. Children living in households with a high housing cost burden in Ohio (Kids Count Data Center) 11. Ohio Homelessness Increasing Even Before Covid-19 (Coalition on Homelessness and Housing in Ohio) 12. Ohio Homelessness Increasing Even Before Covid-19 (Coalition on Homelessness and Housing in Ohio) 13. Best States for Affordability (US News Best States) 14. THE GAP: The Affordable Housing Gap Analysis 2016 (National Low Income Housing Coalition) 15. Ohio Homelessness Increasing Even Before Covid-19 (Coalition on Homelessness and Housing in Ohio) 16. Ohio Homelessness Increasing Even Before Covid-19 (Coalition on Homelessness and Housing in Ohio) 17. Ohio Homelessness Increasing Even Before Covid-19 (Coalition on Homelessness and Housing in Ohio) 18. The Real Reason People Become Homeless - Leading Families Home (Leading Families Home) 19. Explore Issues | National Low Income Housing Coalition (National Low Income Housing Coalition) 20. The Solution | National Low Income Housing Coalition (National Low Income Housing Coalition) 21. The Solution | National Low Income Housing Coalition (National Low Income Housing Coalition) 22. Preventing and Removing Barriers to Housing Security for People with Criminal Convictions (Center for American Progress) 23. Advocates Call for Solutions to Ohio’s Affordable Housing Shortage (Coalition on Homelessness and Housing in Ohio) 24. Advocates Call for Solutions to Ohio’s Affordable Housing Shortage (Coalition on Homelessness and Housing in Ohio) 25. Advocates Call for Solutions to Ohio’s Affordable Housing Shortage (Coalition on Homelessness and Housing in Ohio) Child Maltreatment 1. Child Maltreatment 2018 (Administration for Children & Families) 2. State of Ohio Profile (Public Children Services Association of Ohio) 3. Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) 4. Wilkins, N., Tsao, B., Hertz, M., Davis, R., Klevens, J. (2014). Connecting the Dots: An Overview of the Links Among Multiple Forms of Violence. Atlanta, GA: National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Oakland, CA: Prevention Institute. 5. Cost of Child Abuse and Neglect Rival Other Major Public Health Problems (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) 6. Preventing Child Abuse & Neglect (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) 7. Child Maltreatment 2018 (Administration for Children & Families) 8. Child Maltreatment 2018 (Administration for Children & Families) 9. Child Maltreatment 2018 (Administration for Children & Families) 10. Child Maltreatment 2018 (Administration for Children & Families) 11. Preventing Child Abuse and Neglect: A Technical Package for Policy, Norm, and Programmatic Activities (cdc.gov) {recommended citation: Fortson, B. L., Klevens, J., Merrick, M. T., Gilbert, L. K., & Alexander, S. P. (2016). Preventing child abuse and neglect: A technical package for policy, norm, and programmatic activities. Atlanta, GA: National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.} 12. Linking Systems of Care for Ohio’s Youth; Needs Assessment and Gap Analysis Phase 1, Ohio Attorney Generals Office, 2019. 13. United States Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), Administration for Children and Families. (2015). Child maltreatment 2013. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office. Retrieved from https://www.acf.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/documents/cb/cm2015.pdf. 14. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2015). Child maltreatment: Risk and protective factors. Retrieved from http:// www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/childmaltreatment/riskprotective factors.html. 15. Preventing Child Abuse and Neglect: A Technical Package for Policy, Norm, and Programmatic Activities (cdc.gov) {recommended citation: Fortson, B. L., Klevens, J., Merrick, M. T., Gilbert, L. K., & Alexander, S. P. (2016). Preventing child abuse and neglect: A technical package for policy, norm, and programmatic activities. Atlanta, GA: National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.} 16. Peterson C, Florence CS, Klevens J. The economic burden of child maltreatment in the United States, 2015. Child Abuse Neglect. 2015;86(2), 178-83. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6289633/. Child Well Being 1. Child Well-Being (RAND Corporation) 2. 2018 KIDS COUNT Data Book (The Annie E. Casey Foundation) 3. 2018 KIDS COUNT Data Book (The Annie E. Casey Foundation) 4. Fairer pay will boost Ohio (Policy Matters Ohio) 5. FACT SHEET: The American Rescue Plan Will Deliver Immediate Economic Relief to Families (U.S. Department of the Treasury) 6. One In Five Ohio Children Live in Poverty. The New Child Tax Credit Could Change That (91.3 WYSO) Funding for Public Education 1. Overview of Funding for Pre-K–12 Education (American Speech-Language-Hearing Association) 2. Connecting the Dots: An Overview of the Links Among Multiple Forms of Violence (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) 3. Brandt, et.al, (April 22, 2021) Intersecting Pandemics: The Impact of Intimate Partner Violence, COVID-19, and Wage and Worker Supports Equity in Ohio an Environmental Scan. Retrieved from https://www.odvn.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/IntersectingPandemics_FormattedDraft4.22.2021.pdf 4. Public School Funding Primer (Cleveland Heights-University Heights City School District) 5. DeRolph v. State of Ohio (Ohio History Central) 6. Efforts to finally get a constitutional Ohio school funding formula continue (The Columbus Dispatch) 7. Chronology of the DeRolph v. Ohio School Funding Litigation (Bricker & Eckler Attorneys at Law) 8. Efforts to finally get a constitutional Ohio school funding formula continue (The Columbus Dispatch) 9. Still Separate, Still Unequal: Teaching about School Segregation and Educational Inequality (The New York Times) 10. NAEP gaps - Achievement Gaps (National Center for Education Statistics) 11. Coronavirus pandemic has worsened racial disparities in education, lawmakers told (Ohio Capital Journal) 12. Brandt, et.al, (April 22, 2021) Intersecting Pandemics: The Impact of Intimate Partner Violence, COVID-19, and Wage and Worker Supports Equity in Ohio an Environmental Scan. Retrieved from https://www.odvn.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/IntersectingPandemics_FormattedDraft4.22.2021.pdf Imprisonment Rates Nonviolent Crimes 1. State-by-State Data (The Sentencing Project) 2. Ohio prison and jail incarceration rate 1978-2015 (Prison Policy Initiative) 3. State-by-State Data (The Sentencing Project) 4. State-by-State Data (The Sentencing Project) 5. Ohio Department of Rehabilitation and Correction Calendar Year Commitment Reports; 1999-2018 6. The average months incarcerated includes the PreHB86 and HB86 sums for 4th and 5th degree felonies reported in the 2018 calendar year commitment report. 7. Broken Records: How Errors by Criminal Background Checking Companies Harm Workers and Businesses (National Consumer Law Center) 8. Justice Reinvestment in Ohio: Policy Framework to Reduce Corrections Spending & Reinvest Savings in Strategies that Can Reduce Crime (Justice Center, The Council of State Governments) 9. House Bill 56 - Documents (The Ohio Legislature) Infant Mortality 1. A new approach to reduce infant mortality and achieve equity (Health Policy Institute of Ohio) 2. Child health and infant mortality (Health Policy Institute of Ohio) 3. What’s Killing America’s Black Infants? (The Nation) 4. Connecting the Dots: An Overview of the Links Among Multiple Forms of Violence (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) 5. Health Policy Fact Sheet: Exposure to Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) in Ohio (Health Policy Institute of Ohio) 6. Infant Mortality (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) 7. Preterm Birth (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) 8. A new approach to reduce infant mortality and achieve equity (Health Policy Institute of Ohio) 9. Preterm Birth (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) 10. Why American infant mortality rates are so high (Science Daily) 11. Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Obstetrics and Gynecology (The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists) 12. Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Obstetrics and Gynecology (The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists) 13. Doula Training (Restoring Our Own Through Transformation) Intimate Partner Violence 1. Lifetime Economic Burden of Intimate Partner Violence Among U.S. Adults (National Center for Biotechnology Information) 2. The National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention). IPV includes physical violence, sexual violence, stalking, psychological aggression (including coercive tactics) and control of reproductive and or sexual health by a current or former intimate partner. 3. Rate is the number of victims per 100,000 population. 4. Ohio Attorney General records are from the Ohio Bureau of Criminal Identification and Investigation. 5. Number of Domestic Violence Incidents where Domestic Violence, Protection Order/Consent Agreement, or other equivalent local ordinance charges were filed. 6. Domestic Violence Report (Ohio Bureau of Criminal Identification and Investigation) 7. Domestic Violence Reports (Ohio Attorney General) K-12 Expulsion Rates 1. Wilkins, N., Tsao, B., Hertz, M., Davis, R., Klevens, J. (2014). Connecting the Dots: An Overview of the Links Among Multiple Forms of Violence. Atlanta, GA: National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Oakland, CA: Prevention Institute. 2. Kids Count Data Center 3. Ohio Education by the Numbers (Thomas B. Fordham Institute) 4. Ohio Education by the Numbers / January 2019 / 3rd Edition (Thomas B. Fordham Institute) 5. Children’s Defense Fund Ohio, The State of School Discipline in Ohio, 6092021 Retrieved from Children’s Defense Fund Ohio.org 6. Racial Disproportionality in School Discipline: Implicit Bias is Heavily Implicated (Kirwan Institute for the Study of Race and Ethnicity) 7. 2019 Ohio School Discipline Report, Summary (Race, Racism, and the Law) Public Transportation Access and Spending 1. Brandt, K., et.al, Intersecting Pandemics: The Impact of Intimate Partner Violence, COVID-19, and Wage and Worker Supports Equity in Ohio An Environmental Scan, January, 2021. Retrieved from https://www.odvn.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/IntersectingPandemics_FormattedDraft4.22.2021.pdf 2. How Ohio funds public transit (Policy Matters Ohio) 3. Ohio Statewide Transit Needs Study (Ohio Department of Transportation) 4. Brandt, K., et.al, Intersecting Pandemics: The Impact of Intimate Partner Violence, COVID-19, and Wage and Worker Supports Equity in Ohio An Environmental Scan, January, 2021. Retrieved from https://www.odvn.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/IntersectingPandemics_FormattedDraft4.22.2021.pdf 5. How Ohio funds public transit (Policy Matters Ohio) 6. Ohio Statewide Transit Needs Study (Ohio Department of Transportation) 7. Our state. Our community. Our budget. (Policy Matters Ohio) 8. Testimony on public transit to Ohio’s Road to Our Future Joint Legislative Study Committee (Policy Matters Ohio) Sexual Violence 1. Preventing Sexual Violence (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) 2. In Year Two of #MeToo, Fears About Sexual Assault Remain (Gallup) 3. Peterson, Cora; et al. American Journal of Preventive Medicine. June 2017 4. Sexual Assaults: rape, sexual battery, unlawful sexual conduct with a minor, gross sexual imposition, sexual imposition, importuning, voyeurism, and public indecency. 5. The 2010 National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey (NISVS), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta GA 6. Ohio Department of Public Safety, Office of Criminal Justice Services, Ohio Incident-Based Reporting System retrieved 4/08/2021 Volunteerism 1. State Rankings by Volunteer Rate (AmeriCorps) 2. State Rankings by Volunteer Rate (AmeriCorps) 3. State Rankings by Volunteer Rate (AmeriCorps) 4. Volunteering in the United States, 2015 (U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics) 5. Volunteering in the United States, 2015 (U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics) 6. Table 6. Volunteers by how they became involved with main organization for which volunteer activities were performed and selected characteristics, September 2015 (U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics) 7. Race and Formal Volunteering: The Differential Effects of Class and Religion Musick, Marc A; Wilson, John; Bynum, William B Social Forces; Jun 1, 2000; 78, 4; ProQuest pg. 1539 8. Race and Formal Volunteering: The Differential Effects of Class and Religion Musick, Marc A; Wilson, John; Bynum, William B Social Forces; Jun 1, 2000; 78, 4; ProQuest pg. 1539 Voter Registration Turnout 1. Voting and Voter Registration as a Share of the Voter Population, by Race/Ethnicity (Kaiser Family Foundation) 2. Elections and Voting in Ohio (Frank LaRose Ohio Secretary of State) Wage Equity Gap 1. Quick Facts About the Gender Wage Gap - Center for American Progress 2. Wage Gap State Rankings: 2018 (National Women’s Law Center) 3. National Women’s Law Center 4. America’s Women and the Wage Gap (2020) Fact Sheet. National Partnership on Women and Families, Washington, DC. 5. Hannah Halbert, “Budget Bite: Wage theft ignored in proposed budget,” Policy Matters Ohio, April 2019, Budget Bite: Wage theft ignored in proposed budget. 6. Fairer pay will boost Ohio (Policy Matters Ohio)